Seminars in Radiation Oncology
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 23-34 , January 2008

Combined Permanent Implant and External-Beam Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

  • Daniel E. Soto, MD
    • ,
  • Patrick W. McLaughlin, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Patrick W. McLaughlin, MD, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, 2 C490, Box 0010, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010.

References 

  1. Stamey TA, Caldwell M, McNeal JE, et al. The prostate specific antigen era in the United States is over for prostate cancer: what happened in the last 20 years?. J Urol. 2004;172:1297–1301
  2. Hankey BF, Feuer EJ, Clegg LX, et al. Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer–part I: evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:1017–1024
  3. Derweesh IH, Kupelian PA, Zippe C, et al. Continuing trends in pathological stage migration in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urol Oncol. 2004;22:300–306
  4. Frank SJ, Grimm PD, Sylvester JE, et al. Interstitial implant alone or in combination with external beam radiation therapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer: a survey of practice patterns in the United States. Brachytherapy. 2007;6:2–8
  5. Critz FA, Levinson K. 10-year disease-free survival rates after simultaneous irradiation for prostate cancer with a focus on calculation methodology. J Urol. 2004;172:2232–2238
  6. Blasko JC, Grimm PD, Sylsvester JE, et al. The role of external beam radiotherapy with I-125/Pd-103 brachytherapy for prostate carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2000;57:273–278
  7. Merrick GS, Wallner KE, Butler WM, et al. Permanent prostate brachytherapy: is supplemental external-beam radiation therapy necessary?. Oncology (Williston Park). 2006;20:514–522discussion 522-525
  8. Potters L, Fearn P, Kattan MW. External radiotherapy and permanent prostate brachytherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Brachytherapy. 2002;1:36–41
  9. Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360:103–106
  10. Hanks GE, Pajak TF, Porter A, et al. Phase III trial of long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation after neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3972–3978
  11. Zietman AL, DeSilvio ML, Slater JD, et al. Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294:1233–1239
  12. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M. D. Anderson phase III randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53. 2002;1097–1105
  13. Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D, et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy <72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy > or =72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:25–33
  14. Kuban DA, Levy LB, Potters L, et al. Comparison of biochemical failure definitions for permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:1487–1493
  15. Critz FA, Williams WH, Levinson AK, et al. Simultaneous irradiation for prostate cancer: intermediate results with modern techniques. J Urol. 2000;164:738–741discussion 741-743
  16. Pickett B, Kurhanewicz J, Coakley F, et al. Use of MRI and spectroscopy in evaluation of external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1047–1055
  17. Critz FA, Williams WH, Benton JB, et al. Prostate specific antigen bounce after radioactive seed implantation followed by external beam radiation for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2000;163:1085–1089
  18. Toledano A, Chauveinc L, Flam T, et al. PSA bounce after permanent implant prostate brachytherapy may mimic a biochemical failure: a study of 295 patients with a minimum 3-year followup. Brachytherapy. 2006;5:122–126
  19. Zagar TM, Stock RG, Cesaretti JA, et al. Assessment of postbrachytherapy sexual function: a comparison of the IIEF-5 and the MSEFS. Brachytherapy. 2007;6:26–33
  20. Wei JT, Dunn RL, Litwin MS, et al. Development and validation of the expanded prostate cancer index composite (EPIC) for comprehensive assessment of health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer. Urology. 2000;56:899–905
  21. Tran A, Wallner K, Merrick G, et al. Rectal fistulas after prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:150–154
  22. Zeitlin SI, Sherman J, Raboy A, et al. High dose combination radiotherapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1998;160:91–95discussion 95-96
  23. Theodorescu D, Gillenwater JY, Koutrouvelis PG. Prostatourethral-rectal fistula after prostate brachytherapy. Cancer. 2000;89:2085–2091
  24. Iversen P, Bak M, Juul N, et al. Ultrasonically guided 125iodine seed implantation with external radiation in management of localized prostatic carcinoma. Urology. 1989;34:181–186
  25. Ragde H, Elgamal AA, Snow PB, et al. Ten-year disease free survival after transperineal sonography-guided iodine-125 brachytherapy with or without 45-gray external beam irradiation in the treatment of patients with clinically localized, low to high Gleason grade prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1998;83:989–1001
  26. Grimm PD, Blasko JC, Sylvester JE, et al. 10-year biochemical (prostate-specific antigen) control of prostate cancer with (125)I brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51:31–40
  27. Stock RG, Stone NN, Tabert A, et al. A dose-response study for I-125 prostate implants. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:101–108
  28. Sylvester JE, Grimm PD, Blasko JC, et al. 15-year biochemical relapse free survival in clinical stage T1-T3 prostate cancer following combined external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy; Seattle experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:57–64
  29. Nag S, Bice W, DeWyngaert K, et al. The American Brachytherapy Society recommendations for permanent prostate brachytherapy postimplant dosimetric analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46:221–230
  30. Dattoli M, Wallner K, True L, et al. Long-term outcomes after treatment with external beam radiation therapy and palladium 103 for patients with higher risk prostate carcinoma: influence of prostatic acid phosphatase. Cancer. 2003;97:979–983
  31. Wallner K, Merrick G, True L, et al. 20 Gy versus 44 Gy supplemental beam radiation with Pd-103 prostate brachytherapy: preliminary biochemical outcomes from a prospective randomized multi-center trial. Radiother Oncol. 2005;75:307–310
  32. Potters L, Cao Y, Calugaru E, et al. A comprehensive review of CT-based dosimetry parameters and biochemical control in patients treated with permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:605–614
  33. Potters L, Morgenstern C, Calugaru E, et al. 12-year outcomes following permanent prostate brachytherapy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005;173:1562–1566
  34. Kollmeier MA, Stock RG, Stone N. Biochemical outcomes after prostate brachytherapy with 5-year minimal follow-up: importance of patient selection and implant quality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:645–653
  35. Papagikos M, Rossi P, deGuzman A. A simple robust model using D90, percent positive biopsies, and clinical risk group predicts freedom from biochemical recurrence following low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:S381;(abstr)
  36. D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Jama. 1998;280:969–974
  37. Choi S, Wallner KE, Merrick GS, et al. Treatment margins predict biochemical outcomes after prostate brachytherapy. Cancer J. 2004;10:175–180
  38. Orio P, Wallner K, Merrick G, et al. Dosimetric parameters as predictive factors for biochemical control in patients with higher risk prostate cancer treated with Pd-103 and supplemental beam radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:342–346
  39. Allen Z, Merrick G, Wallner K, et al. Extracapsular radiation dose annulus correlates with biochemical control in low-risk prostate brachytherapy patients: results of a prospective randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:S359;(abstr)
  40. Davis BJ, Pisansky TM, Wilson TM, et al. The radial distance of extraprostatic extension of prostate carcinoma: implications for prostate brachytherapy. Cancer. 1999;85:2630–2637
  41. Chao KK, Goldstein NS, Yan D, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of extracapsular extension in prostate cancer: should the clinical target volume be expanded posterolaterally to account for microscopic extension?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:999–1007
  42. Sohayda C, Kupelian PA, Levin HS, et al. Extent of extracapsular extension in localized prostate cancer. Urology. 2000;55:382–386
  43. Teh BS, Bastasch MD, Mai W-Y, et al. Predictors of extracapsular extension and its radial distance in prostate cancer: implications for prostate IMRT, brachytherapy, and surgery. Cancer J. 2003;9:454–460
  44. Reed DR, Wallner KE, Merrick G, et al. Isodose patterns in patients with inadequate prostate brachytherapy coverage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:1480–1487
  45. Kestin L, Goldstein N, Vicini F, et al. Treatment of prostate cancer with radiotherapy: should the entire seminal vesicles be included in the clinical target volume?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:686–697
  46. Stock RG, Lo YC, Gaildon M, et al. Does prostate brachytherapy treat the seminal vesicles? (A dose-volume histogram analysis of seminal vesicles in patients undergoing combined PD-103 prostate implantation and external beam irradiation). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:385–389
  47. Nedea E, Wallner K, Reed D, et al. Extraprostatic seed placement and its effect on seed loss. Cancer J. 2005;11:147–151
  48. Roach M, Marquez C, Yuo HS, et al. Predicting the risk of lymph node involvement using the pre-treatment prostate specific antigen and Gleason score in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;28:33–37
  49. Partin AW, Mangold LA, Lamm DM, et al. Contemporary update of prostate cancer staging nomograms (Partin Tables) for the new millennium. Urology. 2001;58:843–848
  50. Seaward SA, Weinberg V, Lewis P, et al. Improved freedom from PSA failure with whole pelvic irradiation for high-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:1055–1062
  51. Rasp G, Pisansky T, Haddock M, et al. Elective pelvic nodal irradiation in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer at high risk for pelvic nodal involvement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36:245;(abstr)
  52. Pan CC, Kim KY, Taylor JM, et al. Influence of 3D-CRT pelvic irradiation on outcome in prostate cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:1139–1145
  53. Horwitz EM, Hanlon AL, Pinover WH, et al. The treatment of nonpalpable PSA-detected adenocarcinoma of the prostate with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:519–523
  54. Jacob R, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM, et al. Role of prostate dose escalation in patients with greater than 15% risk of pelvic lymph node involvement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:695–701
  55. Vargas CE, Galalae R, Demanes J, et al. Lack of benefit of pelvic radiation in prostate cancer patients with a high risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes treated with high-dose radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1474–1482
  56. Roach M, DeSilvio M, Lawton C, et al. Phase III trial comparing whole-pelvic versus prostate-only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant combined androgen suppression: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1904–1911
  57. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Impact of supplemental external beam radiotherapy and/or androgen deprivation therapy on biochemical outcome after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:32–43
  58. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Androgen-deprivation therapy does not impact cause-specific or overall survival after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:669–677
  59. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. The impact of radiation dose to the urethra on brachytherapy-related dysuria. Brachytherapy. 2005;4:45–50
  60. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Risk factors for the development of prostate brachytherapy related urethral strictures. J Urol. 2006;175:1376–1380discussion 1381
  61. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Long-term urinary quality of life after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:454–461
  62. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Galbreath RW, et al. Erectile function after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:893–902
  63. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Erectile function after prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:437–447
  64. Lee WR, Bae K, Lawton CA, et al. A descriptive analysis of postimplant dosimetric parameters from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group P0019. Brachytherapy. 2006;5:239–243
  65. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Variability of prostate brachytherapy pre-implant dosimetry: a multi-institutional analysis. Brachytherapy. 2005;4:241–251
  66. Acher P, Popert R, Nichol J, et al. Permanent prostate brachytherapy: Dosimetric results and analysis of a learning curve with a dynamic dose-feedback technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:694–698
  67. Potters L, Calugaru E, Jassal A, et al. Is there a role for postimplant dosimetry after real-time dynamic permanent prostate brachytherapy?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:1014–1019
  68. McLaughlin PW, Narayana V, Drake DG, et al. Comparison of MRI pulse sequences in defining prostate volume after permanent implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:703–711
  69. McLaughlin PW, Troyer S, Berri S, et al. Functional anatomy of the prostate: implications for treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:479–491
  70. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Lief JH, et al. Biochemical outcome for hormone-naive patients with high-risk prostate cancer managed with permanent interstitial brachytherapy and supplemental external-beam radiation. Cancer J. 2002;8:322–327
  71. D’Amico AV, Renshaw AA, Schultz D, et al. The impact of the biopsy Gleason score on PSA outcome for prostate cancer patients with PSA < or = 10 ng/ml and T1c,2a: implications for patient selection for prostate-only therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:847–851
  72. Groll R, Fleshner NE, Sugar L, et al. Clinical significance of biopsy-derived primary Gleason score among radical prostatectomy candidates with Gleason 7 tumors. Urology. 2002;59:551–554
  73. Beard CJ, Chen MH, Cote K, et al. Perineural invasion is associated with increased relapse after external beam radiotherapy for men with low-risk prostate cancer and may be a marker for occult, high-grade cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:19–24
  74. Bonin SR, Hanlon AL, Lee WR, et al. Evidence of increased failure in the treatment of prostate carcinoma patients who have perineural invasion treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Cancer. 1997;79:75–80
  75. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. The impact of primary Gleason grade on biochemical outcome following brachytherapy for hormone-naive Gleason score 7 prostate cancer. Cancer J. 2005;11:234–240
  76. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Prognostic significance of perineural invasion on biochemical progression-free survival after prostate brachytherapy. Urology. 2005;66:1048–1053
  77. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Galbreath RW, et al. Relationship between percent positive biopsies and biochemical outcome after permanent interstitial brachytherapy for clinically organ-confined carcinoma of the prostate gland. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:664–673
  78. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Galbreath RW, et al. Perineural invasion is not predictive of biochemical outcome following prostate brachytherapy. Cancer J. 2002;8:79–80
  79. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Permanent interstitial brachytherapy in younger patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Urology. 2004;64:754–759
  80. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Prognostic significance of percent positive biopsies in clinically organ-confined prostate cancer treated with permanent prostate brachytherapy with or without supplemental external-beam radiation. Cancer J. 2004;10:54–60
  81. Stock RG, Ho A, Cesaretti JA, et al. Changing the patterns of failure for high-risk prostate cancer patients by optimizing local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:389–394
  82. Kupelian P, Kuban D, Thames H, et al. Improved biochemical relapse-free survival with increased external radiation doses in patients with localized prostate cancer: the combined experience of nine institutions in patients treated in 1994 and 1995. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:415–419
  83. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Dysuria after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:979–985
  84. Blasko JC, Grimm PD, Sylvester JE, et al. Palladium-103 brachytherapy for prostate carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46:839–850
  85. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Rectal function following brachytherapy with or without supplemental external beam radiation: results of two prospective randomized trials. Brachytherapy. 2003;2:147–157
  86. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Late rectal function after prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:42–48
  87. Sherertz T, Wallner K, Merrick G, et al. Factors predictive of rectal bleeding after 103Pd and supplemental beam radiation for prostate cancer. Brachytherapy. 2004;3:130–135
  88. Keating NL, O’Malley AJ, Smith MR. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4448–4456
  89. Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, et al. Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:154–164
  90. McLaughlin PW. In: Dosimetry seminar. ASTRO. November 5–9, 2006, Philadelphia, PA. 2006;
  91. Han B, Wallner K, Aggarwal S, et al. Treatment margins for prostate brachytherapy. Semin Urol Oncol. 2000;18:137–141
  92. Reed DR, Wallner K, Ford E, et al. Effect of post-implant edema on prostate brachytherapy treatment margins. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1469–1473
  93. Patel AB, Waterman FM, Dicker AP. A detailed examination of the difference between planned and treated margins in 125I permanent prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2003;2:223–228
  94. Waterman FM, Dicker AP. Probability of late rectal morbidity in 125I prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:342–353
  95. McLaughlin P, Narayana V, Pan C, et al. Comparison of day 0 and day 14 dosimetry for permanent prostate implants using stranded seeds. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:144–150
  96. McLaughlin PW. In: Prostate Cancer Treatment Symposium. ASTRO. November 5–9, 2006, Philadelphia, PA. 2006;
  97. McLaughlin PW, Narayana V, Berri S, et al. Decreased Intra-fraction prostate motion permanent implant relative to non-implant patients. Brachytherapy. 2006;5:80;(abstr)
  98. Narayana V, Spirou G, Berri S, et al. Permanent prostate implants: dose to critical structures inferior to the prostate apex. Med Phys. 2006;33:2128;(abstr)
  99. Narayana V, Heckman P, McLaughlin PW. In: IMRT for the prostate following brachytherapy. IOMP; World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, August 27–September 1. 2006;

PII: S1053-4296(07)00076-8

doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2007.09.004

Seminars in Radiation Oncology
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 23-34 , January 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution